MacroKid: my macro blog

Tag: China

2026 predictions (and 2025 review)
First, 2025 review. Recession didn’t happen. At least when you look at financial markets. And ignore unemployed. Common theme by the end of the year formed as: “there’s not enough exuberance about AI“. More detailed view below. And yes, risk of US recession is still high.
1. US economy. Tariffs. The risk of tariffs GDP drag is skewed to the downside due to the Supreme Court decision as well as poor Republicans pre-election odds. And of course Trump’s $2,000 rebate proposal. Nevertheless, status quo tariffs impact on GDP is offsetting the frontloaded stimulus that is kicking in soon.
Housing market. Inventory of available housing is rising. Homebuilders earnings expectations are collapsing, dragging down their share prices. Housing will remain in oversupply in 2026 and prices will be softening.

Business capex. AI spending proved to be much stronger than expected despite rising AI competition. Competition is increasing from Chinese models or the rise of alternative compute methods. Scale, rather than optimization/research/monetization is the main AI driver now. The part that can be sold easier.

$Chinese AI leaders are spending fractions on capex compared to US companies$

Actual data centers spend is spreading beyond just tech companies. Commercial building construction index year ago and now. What seemed as a slowdown, was just a pause. As building a data center seems to be an easy business pitch.

Meanwhile, real median US manufacturing is contracting. Number of industries with output rising more than 3% pear year is near recession levels. AI revolution is concentrated in a few sectors at the moment. Unlike previously stronger manufacturing periods like tax cuts (2018), shale (2014), housing (2005)or internet (1999). Interestingly, tariffs so far had minimal impact on domestic output.

Capex expectations are also significantly different between AI and the rest. Outside of the hyperscalers, companies aren’t planning to increase (nominal!) capex in this cycle.

ISM business backlog is depressed, book-to-bill ratio is at recessionary levels. Manufacturing recession keeps rolling across the sectors.

Also, AI capex starts to be perceived as a drawback, judging by Oracle share price and CDS spread, or by reaction to capacity cancellations. Risk of lower than expected AI capex is rising.

Unemployment. It’s rising as expected and will increase in 2026. Number of people without a job is growing – either in or outside of the labor force. Weak housing market and capex won’t help next year.

Small companies continue to see weak sales ahead, while consumers fell poor labor conditions. That’s usually a sign of higher unemployment.

Wealth effect. Probably that’s the core reason of stronger than expected consumption in the US. The spread between consumers unemployment expectations and stock market expectations is the largest ever. Everyone has to be invested in (AI) stocks and hope your job isn’t cut. Wealth effect will decline due to weaker equity and housing markets next year, probably.

2. Global inflation declines. This proved to be correct. But it’s mostly visible in EMs, rather than DMs, where inflation is higher. Tariffs were deflationary for the world. Effect of strong wages in developed markets is more pronounced than in EMs, after decades of relatively low wage growth.

At the moment, DM wages are slowing down, led by the USA. Japan is still experiencing inflation problem, but wages there have rolled over already. Next year inflation will be lower again.

3. China economy performs better than expected. China GDP growth expectations are in fact rising while housing market is still deteriorating.

Stock market has also rallied, but of course not that great as Kospi or even Ibex.

But the next year is going to be more challenging as lending is deteriorating going into 2026, unlike 2025. Strategic sectors, like chips, electrical equipment and renewables should outperform next year.

4. Higher number of defaults didn’t translate into higher credit spreads. In fact, actual number of defaults is making new highs every quarter. That’s in line with weaker small business sales expectations and consumers job fears. Spreads will have to crack in the end, either public or through private credit channels.

Consumer delinquencies are deteriorating as well. Credit short has been a poor recommendation. It was relatively more resilient during the liberation day sell off too.

5. Performance. Overall, recommendations performance was unsatisfactory. HSI outperformed S&P, but S&P is still up 18%. Liberation day ended up better than feared for the stock market, but didn’t help the economy. Long term treasuries returned only 4% in 2025 with significant volatility. Other DM bonds performed even worse. Front end of the treasury curve was a good trade, but it was offset by strong corporate credit performance.

6. 2026 predictions. Inflation won’t be a problem. Jobs – will. Unemployment should rise and consumption decline. And S&P should be down on a year, as AI will disappoint. Global growth is about to peak as well. In that case the risk of another fiscal package is increasing.

In this scenario front end rates DM will continue to rally. JPY and JGBs will rally too, as inflation declines and domestic players start to hedge currency again.

Happy New Year.
December 23, 2025
2025 predictions: US equities and yields down, China outperforms, credit risk jumps
1. Risk of US recession is increasing: tariffs reduce aggregate demand, housing market is deflating, business capex set to decline after IRA and AI boost, personal consumption will slowdown due to higher unemployment rate and weaker wealth effect, fiscal impulse disappears. S&P and risk assets fall, but not because of higher rates. As Fed turns dovish, 2 year yields rally.
Tariffs. US GDP will drop due to higher costs and lower demand, offset by corporate tax cuts, and prices inside the US will jump again. But it will help with deflation outside of the US.

Estimates of GDP decline vary across economists, but conclusion is similar. US will require substantial fiscal stimulus to diminish negative effect from tariffs.

Moreover, the first round of tariffs had negative cumulative effect on US employment mostly due to rising import costs and foreign retaliation, according to Fed.

Housing market. Number of houses for sale is rising quickly at moment, even when normalized by actual number of new homes sold. This kind of inventory accumulation was associated with prior recessions and falls in general employment.

As a result deflation in housing is spreading. Implications for general inflation are also negative.

Business capex. Nonresidential construction planning (AI data centers, offices, warehouses, retail etc) is slowing down.

US trucking remains in recession, as commercial capex ex AI has been slowing down since early 2023.

US manufacturing capacity is growing at 1.5% yoy, the fastest pace since 2012. Electronics (including semis) capacity is growing at much faster 6.3% yoy. But overall manufacturing output is down 1% yoy and has been lagging capacity expansion for 2 years now.

The lack of manufacturing output growth leads to declines in capacity utilization and higher unemployment historically. This is usually followed by long business capex slowdowns.

Unemployment. Employment intention proxies remain weak. At the moment there’s no boost expected from any of the Trump policies, according to soft indicators.

Consumer and small businesses surveys are consistent with unemployment of around 4.5-4.6% at the moment.

Private employment lost 1.3mn of jobs in the last year and a half, according to household survey. Total private household employment is up 4.4mn in the last 3 years. That compares to 10mn of private and public jobs added, according to NFP survey.

Wealth effect. S&P returned roughly 26% in 2024, one of the largest amounts in the last 30 years. Average S&P return during this period was 8.5%.

At the same time, trailing 12 months EPS is up 7.7% this year, marginally above average 7.3%.

The index jumped 55% over the last 2 years – one of the best runs ever. That unsurprisingly entrenched into most recent consumer expectations and boosted actual net worth.

US households net worth is rising at around 12% yoy at the moment. This is roughly in line with an average of S&P returns and new home prices. While housing is already peaking and prices are declining, stock market (and Bitcoin) is maintaining strong wealth effect for households. Unfortunately, the current ramp up in net worth is not driven by owning companies, that generate excess business returns but to a large extent is a result of equity multiples expansion.

Fiscal impulse. Economists expects US budget deficit to remain at 6.5% over 2024-2026, and government debt to add 4.5% of GDP during the period. Fiscal impulse will again recede to zero in this scenario after roughly $1.2tn of incremental impulse since 2022.

US GDP significantly decelerated in 2022 in line with tighter fiscal policy. But later reaccelerated again. Excluding some idiosyncratic contributions like Ozempic, or Boeing output fluctuations, or defense contracts, US GDP is already slowing from 2023 average pace.
1. Global inflation declines. Absent of another forced closure of global manufacturing, 8% of GDP new fiscal impulse (both hardly possible), and (most importantly) energy shocks, inflation is set to decline further from here. Long term bond yields fall globally.
Inflation is closely linked to energy prices and usually moves in the same direction: shocks in 2008, 2014 and 2022 – are all interconnected, not just in the US, but globally too.

And oil/natural gas prices are not just part of headline CPI, but are important contributors to non-energy services ex-shelter CPI too. Energy plays a key role in services like transportation (air tickets), recreation (restaurants, beauty saloons), accommodation (hotels or short term rentals). In a scenario when oil prices stays the same for the next 3 years at $70/bbl, services CPI should be trending down. Unless oil jumps back above $100, the risk of the second wave of inflation is minimal.

US wages, another potential source of inflation, are slowing down further, but are still above pre-Covid averages. However, US economy remains in the extended cycle top, and labor market will continue to soften.
1. Chinese economy is starting to pick up and perform better than expected, as consumer confidence rebuilds, economic stimulus spreads. China remains strong in car manufacturing, semiconductors, AI, energy technologies. Equities perform well next year.
Property sales in tier 1 cities are rising.

While supply of built properties is declining.

Aggregate weekly house values stopped declining.

Corporate earnings are improving. HSI trailing 12m EPS is up 8% year-to-date.

Equity market performance was also very strong compared to the last 10 years.

Net portfolio flows out of China have been negative since the end of 2021. Similarly China market cap to GDP peaked during the same period. It now stands at around 55%, compared to 110% of global market cap to GDP ratio. China is significantly underowned, while government is prepared to stimulate internal demand and the main source of deflation, property market, is showing signs of bottoming.
1. Defaults will get too costly to ignore: credit risk will jump.
Defaults are rising in various parts of the world and asset classes, while credit risk premium remains too complacent. Leveraged loans defaults and distressed exchanged are rising towards four year highs, as rates stay restrictive. And despite looser credit standards.

US commercial real estate delinquencies are rising

Number of Chapter 11 filings is rising too

US Credit Managers survey is consistent with much wider credit spreads.

US consumers are also experiencing unusually delinquencies rates, despite still healthy labor market and very strong equities.

Let’s review next December.

Happy New Year!
December 27, 2024